The poultry industry is witnessing a significant shift towards more extensive housing systems like cage-free or free-range environments. These systems offer hens the freedom to roam both vertically and horizontally indoors while providing access to fresh food and water, as defined by USDA standards. However, the variability in management practices, labeling schemes, and welfare certifications within these systems presents challenges for producers.
Despite the welfare advantages of cage-free housing, issues such as pecking and aggression have become more prevalent. Feather pecking, aggressive pecking, vent pecking, and cannibalism are among the behavioral concerns observed in these environments. These behaviors not only compromise bird welfare but also lead to decreased productivity and increased mortality rates.
Understanding the factors contributing to these behaviors is crucial for developing effective management strategies. Hormonal, environmental, dietary, and genetic factors all play a role, making it necessary for producers to adopt a holistic approach to address these issues.
Research has identified several strategies to mitigate pecking and aggression in cage-free housing systems. Environmental enrichments such as hay bales, pecking blocks, and hanging strings have shown promise in reducing damaging behaviors and improving plumage condition. Additionally, modifications to lighting intensity and providing early outdoor access can help alleviate stress and reduce aggression among birds.
Dietary interventions, including the addition of forages like carrots, silages, sunflower cakes, and alfalfa, have also been effective in reducing pecking behaviors and improving feather quality. However, it’s essential to consult with a nutritionist to ensure a balanced diet that meets the birds’ nutritional requirements.
While progress has been made in addressing these welfare concerns, challenges remain, and further research is needed to optimize management practices. Collaboration between researchers, producers, and industry stakeholders is essential to drive innovation and continuously improve the welfare of laying hens in cage-free housing systems.
As the poultry industry continues to embrace more extensive housing systems, implementing these strategies will be instrumental in promoting the well-being of birds and ensuring sustainable egg production.
